Language and Gender notes
Structure:
Introduction: Refer to question and overall ideas- social- biological- 3 D's (see earlier post)
Second paragraph: One of the D's and two linguists attached to it + knowledge and quotes.
Third paragraph: One of the 3 D's and 2 linguists attached + knowledge and quotes.
Fourth paragraph: One of the three D's and 2 linguists attached + knowledge and quotes.
Fifth paragraph: Critique of theorists and knowledge behind how language has changed etc.
Sixth Paragraph: Critique of theorists, knowledge and arguments for and against language changing.
Seventh paragraph: Other mentions like Kirsty Wark Documentary and reference to which or the three D's it links to.
Conclusion: Sum up all theories what is most likely and what are the argument telling us about Language and gender.
Note: In all refer to data given in question.
Use discourse markers.
Deborah Cameron - verbal hygiene (1995) argues that theorists like Lakoff see gendered language in terms of power and powerless, for this reason throughout western culture the masculine/ male term has become the unmarked norm in language and Feminine/ Female terms the marked term.
Deborah Tannen- (1990) identifies gender differences in terms of competitiveness (male) and Co-operative (female).
Janet Holmes
Robin Lakoff
Janet Hyde (2005)- suggests more similarities than differences and where there are differences other contextual factors may influence.
Kirsty Wark - Blurred Lines documentary.
Things to mention:
Political Correctness
Steven Pinker
Simon Baron-Cohan
Patriarchal society + Context (Mostly men in high powered positions)
Kirsty Wark's Blurred Lines documentary
The internet and Media facilitate the patriarchal society
Usually Forms of prejudice stem from men then excused as banter
Sexism has changed from private (in homes, the stereotypical roles of men and women) to Public (on social media and other websites
Expressing sexism as banter means it can be construed as acceptable
Cameron challenges the whole idea that there are two different and contrasting languages for men and women; arguing that this is a defecit model approach.
Is gender alone at the core of individual identity- is the term genderlect more or less accurate than idiolect
The way women or men converse in a variety of situations, Service encounters, occupational contexts etc. may reveal the efffects of dis-empowerment, or may signal the effects of other variables. Including socio-economic status, education, context, peer group and even personality.
Jenny Cheshire (1982) -Defecit- Boys = more non standard language than girls.
Sexism has changed from private (in homes, the stereotypical roles of men and women) to Public (on social media and other websites
Expressing sexism as banter means it can be construed as acceptable
Cameron challenges the whole idea that there are two different and contrasting languages for men and women; arguing that this is a defecit model approach.
Is gender alone at the core of individual identity- is the term genderlect more or less accurate than idiolect
The way women or men converse in a variety of situations, Service encounters, occupational contexts etc. may reveal the efffects of dis-empowerment, or may signal the effects of other variables. Including socio-economic status, education, context, peer group and even personality.
Jenny Cheshire (1982) -Defecit- Boys = more non standard language than girls.
Pamela Fishman (1983)-Dominance- Using tag questions to be more social, keep conversation flowing, to include people and to initiate conversation "Females use tag questions to gain conversational power. Other wise labelled as 'Conversational Shitwork'- women are the ones who are trying to initiate the conversation and keep it going.
Critique: Lakoff- "It is my impression, though I do not have precise statistical evidence"
Lakoff had 10 stereotypes of women e.g. Super polite forms and Indirect requests.
Boats and cars stereotypical owned by men and referred to as "she" the same with countries.
Mother nature and Father Time.
Critique: Lakoff- "It is my impression, though I do not have precise statistical evidence"
Lakoff had 10 stereotypes of women e.g. Super polite forms and Indirect requests.
Boats and cars stereotypical owned by men and referred to as "she" the same with countries.
Mother nature and Father Time.
Gender is a performance- society says what men and women are like and we conform to those expectations.
